Accessing Metals from Low-Grade Ores and the Environmental Impact Considerations: A Review of the Perspectives of Conventional versus Bioleaching Strategies

Mining has advanced primarily through the use of two strategies: pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy. Both have been used successfully to extract valuable metals from ore deposits. These strategies, without a doubt, harm environment. Furthermore, due decades excessive mining, there global decline in high-grade ores. This resulted decrease metal supply, which prompted reconsideration these traditional as industry faces current challenge accessing highly sought-after low-grade review outlines challenges detail, provides insights into recovery issues, describes technological advances being made address issues associated with dealing metals. It also discusses pragmatic paradigm shift that necessitates biotechnological solutions provided by bioleaching, particularly its environmental friendliness. However, it goes on criticize shortcomings bioleaching while highlighting potential bespoke approach integrates research applications omics technologies their adaptation microorganisms interaction harsh environments degradation.